Nextcloud 15 installation guide (Ubuntu/NGINX)

BY CARSTEN RIEGER · PUBLISHED 1. FEBRUARY 2019 · UPDATED 1. FEBRUARY 2019

Nextcloud advanced installation guide

Following this guide you will be able to install and configure Nextcloud 15 latest based on Ubuntu 18.04.x LTS, NGINX 1.15.8, TLSv1.2 or TLSv1.3, PHP 7.3^new, MariaDB 10.3, Redis, fail2ban, firewall (ufw) and will achieve an A+ rating from both, Nextcloud and Qualys SSL Labs. We will request and implement your ssl certificate(s) from Let’s Encrypt in chapter 5. You only have to ammend the red marked values (YOUR.DEDYN.IO, 192.168.2.x, ssh port 22) regarding your environment!

Pre-requirements

From my perspective the requirements for this guide may be rated as low: you only have to

provide a 64Bit Server (e.g. Intel NUC),
forward two ports (80 and 443) from internet (your router e.g. FritzBox or Speedport) to your internal Nextcloud server
and install the operating system Ubuntu 18.04 LTS (64Bit).

Last Updates:

February 01^st, 2019:
– added geoip to nginx to protect your server by verifying the origin-ip

… the entire update history

Table of content

1. Prepare your server and install NGINX

If you are interested in compiling NGINX and operate with OpenSSL 1.1.1 + TLS 1.3 you may find detailed instructions here.

sudo -s
apt install wget gnupg2 -y
cd /usr/local/src
mv /etc/apt/sources.list /etc/apt/sources.list.bak && touch /etc/apt/sources.list
cat <<EOF >>/etc/apt/sources.list
deb http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu bionic main multiverse restricted universe
deb http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu bionic-security main multiverse restricted universe
deb http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu bionic-updates main multiverse restricted universe
deb [arch=amd64] http://nginx.org/packages/mainline/ubuntu/ bionic nginx
deb [arch=amd64] http://mirror2.hs-esslingen.de/mariadb/repo/10.3/ubuntu bionic main
deb http://ppa.launchpad.net/ondrej/php/ubuntu bionic main
EOF
wget http://nginx.org/keys/nginx_signing.key && apt-key add nginx_signing.key
apt-key adv --recv-keys --keyserver hkp://keyserver.ubuntu.com:80 4F4EA0AAE5267A6C
apt-key adv --recv-keys --keyserver hkp://keyserver.ubuntu.com:80 0xF1656F24C74CD1D8
apt update && apt upgrade -y && apt install software-properties-common zip unzip screen curl ffmpeg libfile-fcntllock-perl -y
add-apt-repository ppa:certbot/certbot -y && apt update && apt upgrade -y && apt install letsencrypt ssl-cert -y
apt remove nginx nginx-common nginx-full -y --allow-change-held-packages
apt install nginx -y

Modify NGINX:

systemctl enable nginx.service && apt-mark hold nginx

To update NGINX in the future just issue the following statement:

apt-mark unhold nginx && apt upgrade -y && apt-mark hold nginx

Change NGINX configuration:

mv /etc/nginx/nginx.conf /etc/nginx/nginx.conf.bak && vi /etc/nginx/nginx.conf

to:

user www-data;
worker_processes auto;
error_log /var/log/nginx/error.log warn;
pid /var/run/nginx.pid;
events {
worker_connections 1024;
multi_accept on;
use epoll;
}
http {
server_names_hash_bucket_size 64;
upstream php-handler {
server unix:/run/php/php7.3-fpm.sock;
}
set_real_ip_from 127.0.0.1;
set_real_ip_from 192.168.2.0/24;
real_ip_header X-Forwarded-For;
real_ip_recursive on;
include /etc/nginx/mime.types;
#include /etc/nginx/proxy.conf;
#include /etc/nginx/ssl.conf;
#include /etc/nginx/header.conf;
#include /etc/nginx/optimization.conf;
default_type application/octet-stream;
log_format main '$remote_addr - $remote_user [$time_local] "$request" '
'$status $body_bytes_sent "$http_referer" '
'"$http_user_agent" "$http_x_forwarded_for" '
'"$host" sn="$server_name" '
'rt=$request_time '
'ua="$upstream_addr" us="$upstream_status" '
'ut="$upstream_response_time" ul="$upstream_response_length" '
'cs=$upstream_cache_status' ;
access_log /var/log/nginx/access.log main;
sendfile on;
send_timeout 3600;
tcp_nopush on;
tcp_nodelay on;
open_file_cache max=500 inactive=10m;
open_file_cache_errors on;
keepalive_timeout 65;
reset_timedout_connection on;
server_tokens off;
resolver 208.67.222.222 208.67.220.220 valid=30s;
resolver_timeout 5s;
include /etc/nginx/conf.d/*.conf;
}

Start NGINX:

service nginx restart

Create folders and apply permissions:

mkdir -p /var/nc_data /var/www/letsencrypt /usr/local/tmp/sessions /usr/local/tmp/apc
chown -R www-data:www-data /var/nc_data /var/www
chown -R www-data:root /usr/local/tmp/sessions /usr/local/tmp/apc

2. Install PHP

apt install php7.3-fpm php7.3-gd php7.3-mysql php7.3-curl php7.3-xml php7.3-zip php7.3-intl php7.3-mbstring php7.3-json php7.3-bz2 php7.3-ldap php-apcu imagemagick php-imagick php-smbclient -y

Awesome, PHP 7.3 is already installed. Verify your timezone settings

date

and if necessary set it properly

timedatectl set-timezone Europe/Berlin

Configure PHP:

cp /etc/php/7.3/fpm/pool.d/www.conf /etc/php/7.3/fpm/pool.d/www.conf.bak
cp /etc/php/7.3/cli/php.ini /etc/php/7.3/cli/php.ini.bak
cp /etc/php/7.3/fpm/php.ini /etc/php/7.3/fpm/php.ini.bak
cp /etc/php/7.3/fpm/php-fpm.conf /etc/php/7.3/fpm/php-fpm.conf.bak
sed -i "s/;env\[HOSTNAME\] = /env[HOSTNAME] = /" /etc/php/7.3/fpm/pool.d/www.conf
sed -i "s/;env\[TMP\] = /env[TMP] = /" /etc/php/7.3/fpm/pool.d/www.conf
sed -i "s/;env\[TMPDIR\] = /env[TMPDIR] = /" /etc/php/7.3/fpm/pool.d/www.conf
sed -i "s/;env\[TEMP\] = /env[TEMP] = /" /etc/php/7.3/fpm/pool.d/www.conf
sed -i "s/;env\[PATH\] = /env[PATH] = /" /etc/php/7.3/fpm/pool.d/www.conf
sed -i "s/pm.max_children = .*/pm.max_children = 240/" /etc/php/7.3/fpm/pool.d/www.conf
sed -i "s/pm.start_servers = .*/pm.start_servers = 20/" /etc/php/7.3/fpm/pool.d/www.conf
sed -i "s/pm.min_spare_servers = .*/pm.min_spare_servers = 10/" /etc/php/7.3/fpm/pool.d/www.conf
sed -i "s/pm.max_spare_servers = .*/pm.max_spare_servers = 20/" /etc/php/7.3/fpm/pool.d/www.conf
sed -i "s/;pm.max_requests = 500/pm.max_requests = 500/" /etc/php/7.3/fpm/pool.d/www.conf
sed -i "s/output_buffering =.*/output_buffering = 'Off'/" /etc/php/7.3/cli/php.ini
sed -i "s/max_execution_time =.*/max_execution_time = 1800/" /etc/php/7.3/cli/php.ini
sed -i "s/max_input_time =.*/max_input_time = 3600/" /etc/php/7.3/cli/php.ini
sed -i "s/post_max_size =.*/post_max_size = 10240M/" /etc/php/7.3/cli/php.ini
sed -i "s/upload_max_filesize =.*/upload_max_filesize = 10240M/" /etc/php/7.3/cli/php.ini
sed -i "s/max_file_uploads =.*/max_file_uploads = 100/" /etc/php/7.3/cli/php.ini
sed -i "s/;date.timezone.*/date.timezone = Europe\/\Berlin/" /etc/php/7.3/cli/php.ini
sed -i "s/;session.cookie_secure.*/session.cookie_secure = True/" /etc/php/7.3/cli/php.ini
sed -i "s/;session.save_path =.*/session.save_path = \"N;700;\/usr\/local\/tmp\/sessions\"/" /etc/php/7.3/cli/php.ini
sed -i '$aapc.enable_cli = 1' /etc/php/7.3/cli/php.ini
sed -i "s/memory_limit = 128M/memory_limit = 512M/" /etc/php/7.3/fpm/php.ini
sed -i "s/output_buffering =.*/output_buffering = 'Off'/" /etc/php/7.3/fpm/php.ini
sed -i "s/max_execution_time =.*/max_execution_time = 1800/" /etc/php/7.3/fpm/php.ini
sed -i "s/max_input_time =.*/max_input_time = 3600/" /etc/php/7.3/fpm/php.ini
sed -i "s/post_max_size =.*/post_max_size = 10240M/" /etc/php/7.3/fpm/php.ini
sed -i "s/upload_max_filesize =.*/upload_max_filesize = 10240M/" /etc/php/7.3/fpm/php.ini
sed -i "s/max_file_uploads =.*/max_file_uploads = 100/" /etc/php/7.3/fpm/php.ini
sed -i "s/;date.timezone.*/date.timezone = Europe\/\Berlin/" /etc/php/7.3/fpm/php.ini
sed -i "s/;session.cookie_secure.*/session.cookie_secure = True/" /etc/php/7.3/fpm/php.ini
sed -i "s/;opcache.enable=.*/opcache.enable=1/" /etc/php/7.3/fpm/php.ini
sed -i "s/;opcache.enable_cli=.*/opcache.enable_cli=1/" /etc/php/7.3/fpm/php.ini
sed -i "s/;opcache.memory_consumption=.*/opcache.memory_consumption=128/" /etc/php/7.3/fpm/php.ini
sed -i "s/;opcache.interned_strings_buffer=.*/opcache.interned_strings_buffer=8/" /etc/php/7.3/fpm/php.ini
sed -i "s/;opcache.max_accelerated_files=.*/opcache.max_accelerated_files=10000/" /etc/php/7.3/fpm/php.ini
sed -i "s/;opcache.revalidate_freq=.*/opcache.revalidate_freq=1/" /etc/php/7.3/fpm/php.ini
sed -i "s/;opcache.save_comments=.*/opcache.save_comments=1/" /etc/php/7.3/fpm/php.ini
sed -i "s/;session.save_path =.*/session.save_path = \"N;700;\/usr\/local\/tmp\/sessions\"/" /etc/php/7.3/fpm/php.ini
sed -i "s/;emergency_restart_threshold =.*/emergency_restart_threshold = 10/" /etc/php/7.3/fpm/php-fpm.conf
sed -i "s/;emergency_restart_interval =.*/emergency_restart_interval = 1m/" /etc/php/7.3/fpm/php-fpm.conf
sed -i "s/;process_control_timeout =.*/process_control_timeout = 10s/" /etc/php/7.3/fpm/php-fpm.conf
sed -i '$aapc.enabled=1' /etc/php/7.3/fpm/php.ini
sed -i '$aapc.file_update_protection=2' /etc/php/7.3/fpm/php.ini
sed -i '$aapc.optimization=0' /etc/php/7.3/fpm/php.ini
sed -i '$aapc.shm_size=256M' /etc/php/7.3/fpm/php.ini
sed -i '$aapc.include_once_override=0' /etc/php/7.3/fpm/php.ini
sed -i '$aapc.shm_segments=1' /etc/php/7.3/fpm/php.ini
sed -i '$aapc.ttl=7200' /etc/php/7.3/fpm/php.ini
sed -i '$aapc.user_ttl=7200' /etc/php/7.3/fpm/php.ini
sed -i '$aapc.gc_ttl=3600' /etc/php/7.3/fpm/php.ini
sed -i '$aapc.num_files_hint=1024' /etc/php/7.3/fpm/php.ini
sed -i '$aapc.enable_cli=0' /etc/php/7.3/fpm/php.ini
sed -i '$aapc.max_file_size=5M' /etc/php/7.3/fpm/php.ini
sed -i '$aapc.cache_by_default=1' /etc/php/7.3/fpm/php.ini
sed -i '$aapc.use_request_time=1' /etc/php/7.3/fpm/php.ini
sed -i '$aapc.slam_defense=0' /etc/php/7.3/fpm/php.ini
sed -i '$aapc.mmap_file_mask=/usr/local/tmp/apc/apc.XXXXXX' /etc/php/7.3/fpm/php.ini
sed -i '$aapc.stat_ctime=0' /etc/php/7.3/fpm/php.ini
sed -i '$aapc.canonicalize=1' /etc/php/7.3/fpm/php.ini
sed -i '$aapc.write_lock=1' /etc/php/7.3/fpm/php.ini
sed -i '$aapc.report_autofilter=0' /etc/php/7.3/fpm/php.ini
sed -i '$aapc.rfc1867=0' /etc/php/7.3/fpm/php.ini
sed -i '$aapc.rfc1867_prefix =upload_' /etc/php/7.3/fpm/php.ini
sed -i '$aapc.rfc1867_name=APC_UPLOAD_PROGRESS' /etc/php/7.3/fpm/php.ini
sed -i '$aapc.rfc1867_freq=0' /etc/php/7.3/fpm/php.ini
sed -i '$aapc.rfc1867_ttl=3600' /etc/php/7.3/fpm/php.ini
sed -i '$aapc.lazy_classes=0' /etc/php/7.3/fpm/php.ini
sed -i '$aapc.lazy_functions=0' /etc/php/7.3/fpm/php.ini
sed -i "s/09,39.*/# &/" /etc/cron.d/php
(crontab -l ; echo "09,39 * * * * /usr/lib/php/sessionclean 2>&1") | crontab -u root -

Modify /etc/fstab

Determine the uid of your www-data user by issuing

id www-data

and only if it differs from ‘uid=33‘ replace the ‘uid=33‘ in the following rows properly before executing them!

sed -i '$atmpfs /usr/local/tmp/apc tmpfs defaults,uid=33,size=300M,noatime,nosuid,nodev,noexec,mode=1777 0 0' /etc/fstab
sed -i '$atmpfs /usr/local/tmp/sessions tmpfs defaults,uid=33,size=300M,noatime,nosuid,nodev,noexec,mode=1777 0 0' /etc/fstab

OPTIONAL:

sed -i '$atmpfs /tmp tmpfs defaults,noatime,nosuid,nodev,noexec,mode=1777 0 0' /etc/fstab
sed -i '$atmpfs /var/tmp tmpfs defaults,noatime,nosuid,nodev,noexec,mode=1777 0 0' /etc/fstab

Mount tmpfs and then restart both, PHP and NGINX:

mount -a && service php7.3-fpm restart && service nginx restart

3. MariaDB

If you are interested in Postgresql instead of MariaDB please have a look here. Update your system and install MariaDB:

apt update && apt install mariadb-server -y

Verify your database server version:

mysql --version

A version like …

mysql Ver 15.1 Distrib 10.3.12-MariaDB, for debian-linux-gnu (x86_64) using readline 5.2

10.3.12-MariaDB… should appear.

Secure MariaDB:

mysql_secure_installation

Enter current password for root (enter for none): <ENTER> or type the password
Set root password? [Y/n] Y

If already set during the MariaDB installation you will be asked wether to change or keep the password

Remove anonymous users? [Y/n] Y
Disallow root login remotely? [Y/n] Y
Remove test database and access to it? [Y/n] Y
Reload privilege tables now? [Y/n] Y

Configure MariaDB:

service mysql stop
mv /etc/mysql/my.cnf /etc/mysql/my.cnf.bak && vi /etc/mysql/my.cnf

Paste the following rows:

[client]
default-character-set = utf8mb4
port = 3306
socket = /var/run/mysqld/mysqld.sock

[mysqld_safe]
log_error=/var/log/mysql/mysql_error.log
nice = 0
socket = /var/run/mysqld/mysqld.sock

[mysqld]
basedir = /usr
bind-address = 127.0.0.1
binlog_format = ROW
bulk_insert_buffer_size = 16M
character-set-server = utf8mb4
collation-server = utf8mb4_general_ci
concurrent_insert = 2
connect_timeout = 5
datadir = /var/lib/mysql
default_storage_engine = InnoDB
expire_logs_days = 10
general_log_file = /var/log/mysql/mysql.log
general_log = 0
innodb_buffer_pool_size = 1024M
innodb_buffer_pool_instances = 1
innodb_flush_log_at_trx_commit = 2
innodb_log_buffer_size = 32M
innodb_max_dirty_pages_pct = 90
innodb_file_per_table = 1
innodb_open_files = 400
innodb_io_capacity = 4000
innodb_flush_method = O_DIRECT
key_buffer_size = 128M
lc_messages_dir = /usr/share/mysql
lc_messages = en_US
log_bin = /var/log/mysql/mariadb-bin
log_bin_index = /var/log/mysql/mariadb-bin.index
log_error=/var/log/mysql/mysql_error.log
log_slow_verbosity = query_plan
log_warnings = 2
long_query_time = 1
max_allowed_packet = 16M
max_binlog_size = 100M
max_connections = 200
max_heap_table_size = 64M
myisam_recover_options = BACKUP
myisam_sort_buffer_size = 512M
port = 3306
pid-file = /var/run/mysqld/mysqld.pid
query_cache_limit = 2M
query_cache_size = 64M
query_cache_type = 1
query_cache_min_res_unit = 2k
read_buffer_size = 2M
read_rnd_buffer_size = 1M
skip-external-locking
skip-name-resolve
slow_query_log_file = /var/log/mysql/mariadb-slow.log
slow-query-log = 1
socket = /var/run/mysqld/mysqld.sock
sort_buffer_size = 4M
table_open_cache = 400
thread_cache_size = 128
tmp_table_size = 64M
tmpdir = /tmp
transaction_isolation = READ-COMMITTED
user = mysql
wait_timeout = 600

[mysqldump]
max_allowed_packet = 16M
quick
quote-names

[isamchk]
!include /etc/mysql/mariadb.cnf
!includedir /etc/mysql/conf.d/
key_buffer = 16M

Restart MariaDB:

service mysql restart

Create the database and the user:

mysql -h localhost -uroot -p -e "CREATE DATABASE nextcloud CHARACTER SET utf8mb4 COLLATE utf8mb4_general_ci; CREATE USER nextcloud@localhost identified by 'nextcloud'; GRANT ALL PRIVILEGES on nextcloud.* to nextcloud@localhost; FLUSH privileges;"

Verify the transaction Isolation level was set to READ_Commit and the collation was set to UTF8MB4 properly:

mysql -h localhost -uroot -p -e "SELECT @@TX_ISOLATION; SELECT SCHEMA_NAME 'database', default_character_set_name 'charset', DEFAULT_COLLATION_NAME 'collation' FROM information_schema.SCHEMATA WHERE SCHEMA_NAME='nextcloud'"

If the resultset will be “READ-COMMITTED” and “utf8mb4_general_ci” as shown go ahead with the installation of redis.

4. Redis

apt update && apt install redis-server php-redis -y

Change configuration and group membership:

cp /etc/redis/redis.conf /etc/redis/redis.conf.bak
sed -i "s/port 6379/port 0/" /etc/redis/redis.conf
sed -i s/\#\ unixsocket/\unixsocket/g /etc/redis/redis.conf
sed -i "s/unixsocketperm 700/unixsocketperm 770/" /etc/redis/redis.conf 
sed -i "s/# maxclients 10000/maxclients 512/" /etc/redis/redis.conf
usermod -a -G redis www-data
cp /etc/sysctl.conf /etc/sysctl.conf.bak && sed -i '$avm.overcommit_memory = 1' /etc/sysctl.conf

Reboot your server:

shutdown -r now

5. Create the nextcloud.conf:

sudo -s
mv /etc/nginx/conf.d/default.conf /etc/nginx/conf.d/default.conf.bak && touch /etc/nginx/conf.d/default.conf && vi /etc/nginx/conf.d/nextcloud.conf

Paste the following rows:

server {
server_name YOUR.DEDYN.IO;
listen 80 default_server;
location ^~ /.well-known/acme-challenge {
proxy_pass http://127.0.0.1:81;
proxy_set_header Host $host;
}
location / {
return 301 https://$host$request_uri;
}
}
server {
server_name YOUR.DEDYN.IO;
listen 443 ssl http2 default_server;
root /var/www/nextcloud/;
access_log /var/log/nginx/nextcloud.access.log main;
error_log /var/log/nginx/nextcloud.error.log warn;
location = /robots.txt {
allow all;
log_not_found off;
access_log off;
}
location = /.well-known/carddav {
return 301 $scheme://$host/remote.php/dav;
}
location = /.well-known/caldav {
return 301 $scheme://$host/remote.php/dav;
}
#SOCIAL app enabled? Please uncomment the following three rows
#rewrite ^/.well-known/webfinger /public.php?service=webfinger last;
#rewrite ^/.well-known/host-meta /public.php?service=host-meta last;
#rewrite ^/.well-known/host-meta.json /public.php?service=host-meta-json last;
client_max_body_size 10240M;
location / {
rewrite ^ /index.php$request_uri;
}
location ~ ^/(?:build|tests|config|lib|3rdparty|templates|data)/ {
deny all;
}
location ~ ^/(?:\.|autotest|occ|issue|indie|db_|console) {
deny all;
}
location ~ \.(?:flv|mp4|mov|m4a)$ {
mp4;
mp4_buffer_size 100M;
mp4_max_buffer_size 1024M;
fastcgi_split_path_info ^(.+\.php)(/.*)$;
include fastcgi_params;
include php_optimization.conf;
fastcgi_pass php-handler;
fastcgi_param HTTPS on;
}
location ~ ^/(?:index|remote|public|cron|core/ajax/update|status|ocs/v[12]|updater/.+|ocs-provider/.+)\.php(?:$|/) {
fastcgi_split_path_info ^(.+\.php)(/.*)$;
include fastcgi_params;
include php_optimization.conf;
fastcgi_pass php-handler;
fastcgi_param HTTPS on;
}
location ~ ^/(?:updater|ocs-provider)(?:$|/) {
try_files $uri/ =404;
index index.php;
}
location ~ \.(?:css|js|woff2?|svg|gif|png|html|ttf|ico|jpg|jpeg)$ {
try_files $uri /index.php$request_uri;
access_log off;
expires 360d;
}
}

If you want your Nextcloud running in a subdir like https://your.dedyn.io/nextcloud use this nextcloud.conf instead:

server {
server_name your.dedyn.io;
listen 80 default_server;
location ^~ /.well-known/acme-challenge {
proxy_pass http://127.0.0.1:81;
proxy_set_header Host $host;
}
location / {
return 301 https://$host$request_uri;
}
}
server {
server_name your.dedyn.io;
listen 443 ssl http2 default_server;
root /var/www/;
access_log /var/log/nginx/nextcloud.access.log main;
error_log /var/log/nginx/nextcloud.error.log warn;
location = /robots.txt {
allow all;
log_not_found off;
access_log off;
}
location = /.well-known/carddav {
return 301 $scheme://$host/nextcloud/remote.php/dav;
}
location = /.well-known/caldav {
return 301 $scheme://$host/nextcloud/remote.php/dav;
}
#SOCIAL app enabled? Please uncomment the following three rows
#rewrite ^/.well-known/webfinger /nextcloud/public.php?service=webfinger last;
#rewrite ^/.well-known/host-meta /nextcloud/public.php?service=host-meta last;
#rewrite ^/.well-known/host-meta.json /nextcloud/public.php?service=host-meta-json last;
client_max_body_size 10240M;
location ^~ /nextcloud {
location /nextcloud {
rewrite ^ /nextcloud/index.php$request_uri;
}
location ~ ^/nextcloud/(?:build|tests|config|lib|3rdparty|templates|data)/ {
deny all;
}
location ~ ^/nextcloud/(?:\.|autotest|occ|issue|indie|db_|console) {
deny all;
}
location ~ \.(?:flv|mp4|mov|m4a)$ {
mp4;
mp4_buffer_size 100M;
mp4_max_buffer_size 1024M;
fastcgi_split_path_info ^(.+\.php)(/.*)$;
include fastcgi_params;
include php_optimization.conf;
fastcgi_pass php-handler;
fastcgi_param HTTPS on;
}
location ~ ^/nextcloud/(?:index|remote|public|cron|core/ajax/update|status|ocs/v[12]|updater/.+|ocs-provider/.+)\.php(?:$|/) {
fastcgi_split_path_info ^(.+\.php)(/.*)$;
include fastcgi_params;
include php_optimization.conf;
fastcgi_pass php-handler;
fastcgi_param HTTPS on;
}
location ~ ^/nextcloud/(?:updater|ocs-provider)(?:$|/) {
try_files $uri/ =404;
index index.php;
}
location ~ \.(?:png|html|ttf|ico|jpg|jpeg|css|js|woff2?|svg|gif)$ {
try_files $uri /nextcloud/index.php$request_uri;
access_log off;
expires 360d;
}
}
}

Create the letsencrypt.conf:

vi /etc/nginx/conf.d/letsencrypt.conf

Paste the following rows:

server {
server_name 127.0.0.1;
listen 127.0.0.1:81 default_server;
charset utf-8;
access_log /var/log/nginx/le.access.log main;
error_log /var/log/nginx/le.error.log warn;
location ^~ /.well-known/acme-challenge {
default_type text/plain;
root /var/www/letsencrypt;
}
}

Create the ssl.conf:

vi /etc/nginx/ssl.conf

Paste the following rows:

ssl_certificate /etc/ssl/certs/ssl-cert-snakeoil.pem;
ssl_certificate_key /etc/ssl/private/ssl-cert-snakeoil.key;
ssl_trusted_certificate /etc/ssl/certs/ssl-cert-snakeoil.pem;
#ssl_certificate /etc/letsencrypt/live/YOUR.DEDYN.IO/fullchain.pem;
#ssl_certificate_key /etc/letsencrypt/live/YOUR.DEDYN.IO/privkey.pem;
#ssl_trusted_certificate /etc/letsencrypt/live/YOUR.DEDYN.IO/chain.pem;
ssl_dhparam /etc/ssl/certs/dhparam.pem;
ssl_session_timeout 1d;
ssl_session_cache shared:SSL:50m;
ssl_session_tickets off;
ssl_protocols TLSv1.2;
ssl_ciphers 'ECDHE-RSA-AES256-GCM-SHA512:DHE-RSA-AES256-GCM-SHA512:ECDHE-RSA-AES256-GCM-SHA384:DHE-RSA-AES256-GCM-SHA384:ECDHE-RSA-AES256-SHA384';
ssl_ecdh_curve secp521r1:secp384r1:prime256v1;
ssl_prefer_server_ciphers on;
ssl_stapling on;
ssl_stapling_verify on;

OPTIONAL (If you compiled NGINX 1.15.8 with OpenSSL 1.1.1) add

ssl_protocols TLSv1.2 TLSv1.3;
ssl_ciphers 'TLS-CHACHA20-POLY1305-SHA256:TLS-AES-256-GCM-SHA384:ECDHE-RSA-AES256-GCM-SHA512:DHE-RSA-AES256-GCM-SHA512:ECDHE-RSA-AES256-GCM-SHA384:DHE-RSA-AES256-GCM-SHA384:ECDHE-RSA-AES256-SHA384';
ssl_early_data on;

Create the proxy.conf

vi /etc/nginx/proxy.conf

Paste the following rows:

proxy_set_header Host $host;
proxy_set_header X-Real-IP $remote_addr;
proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-Host $host;
proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-Protocol $scheme;
proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-For $remote_addr;
proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-Port $server_port;
proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-Server $host;
proxy_connect_timeout 3600;
proxy_send_timeout 3600;
proxy_read_timeout 3600;
proxy_redirect off;

OPTIONAL (If you compiled NGINX 1.15.8 with OpenSSL 1.1.1) add:
proxy_set_header Early-Data $ssl_early_data;

Create the header.conf:

vi /etc/nginx/header.conf

Paste the following rows:

add_header Strict-Transport-Security "max-age=15768000; includeSubDomains; preload;";
add_header X-Robots-Tag none;
add_header X-Download-Options noopen;
add_header X-Permitted-Cross-Domain-Policies none;
add_header X-Content-Type-Options "nosniff" always;
add_header X-XSS-Protection "1; mode=block" always;
add_header Referrer-Policy "no-referrer" always;
add_header Feature-Policy "accelerometer 'none'; autoplay 'self'; geolocation 'none'; midi 'none'; notifications 'self'; push 'self'; sync-xhr 'self' https://your.dedyn.io; microphone 'self'; camera 'self'; magnetometer 'none'; gyroscope 'none'; speaker 'self'; vibrate 'self'; fullscreen 'self'; payment 'none'; usb 'none'";

Create the optimization.conf:

vi /etc/nginx/optimization.conf

Paste the following rows:

fastcgi_read_timeout 3600;
fastcgi_buffers 64 64K;
fastcgi_buffer_size 256k;
fastcgi_busy_buffers_size 3840K;
fastcgi_cache_key $http_cookie$request_method$host$request_uri;
fastcgi_cache_use_stale error timeout invalid_header http_500;
fastcgi_ignore_headers Cache-Control Expires Set-Cookie;
gzip on;
gzip_vary on;
gzip_comp_level 4;
gzip_min_length 256;
gzip_proxied expired no-cache no-store private no_last_modified no_etag auth;
gzip_types application/atom+xml application/javascript application/json application/ld+json application/manifest+json application/rss+xml application/vnd.geo+json application/vnd.ms-fontobject application/x-font-ttf application/x-web-app-manifest+json application/xhtml+xml application/xml font/opentype image/bmp image/svg+xml image/x-icon text/cache-manifest text/css text/plain text/vcard text/vnd.rim.location.xloc text/vtt text/x-component text/x-cross-domain-policy;
gzip_disable "MSIE [1-6]\.";

Create the php_optimization.conf:

vi /etc/nginx/php_optimization.conf

Paste the following rows:

fastcgi_param SCRIPT_FILENAME $document_root$fastcgi_script_name;
fastcgi_param PATH_INFO $fastcgi_path_info;
fastcgi_param modHeadersAvailable true;
fastcgi_param front_controller_active true;
fastcgi_intercept_errors on;
fastcgi_request_buffering off;
fastcgi_cache_valid 404 1m;
fastcgi_cache_valid any 1h;
fastcgi_cache_methods GET HEAD;

Enhance security:

screen -S dhparam
openssl dhparam -out /etc/ssl/certs/dhparam.pem 4096

To leave screen press STRG+A following by ‘d’ – to resume run screen -r. Please be patient, it will take a while.

Restart NGINX:

sed -i s/\#\include/\include/g /etc/nginx/nginx.conf && service nginx restart

Download and extract Nextcloud:

cd /usr/local/src
wget https://download.nextcloud.com/server/releases/latest.tar.bz2 && tar -xjf latest.tar.bz2 -C /var/www && chown -R www-data:www-data /var/www/ && rm latest.tar.bz2

Request your ssl-certificate(s):

letsencrypt certonly -a webroot --webroot-path=/var/www/letsencrypt --rsa-key-size 4096 -d YOUR.DEDYN.IO

Apply the permissions using a permissions.sh script:

vi /root/permissions.sh

Paste the following rows:

#!/bin/bash
find /var/www/ -type f -print0 | xargs -0 chmod 0640
find /var/www/ -type d -print0 | xargs -0 chmod 0750
chown -R www-data:www-data /var/www/
chown -R www-data:www-data /var/nc_data/
chmod 0644 /var/www/nextcloud/.htaccess
chmod 0644 /var/www/nextcloud/.user.ini
chmod 600 /etc/letsencrypt/live/YOUR.DEDYN.IO/fullchain.pem
chmod 600 /etc/letsencrypt/live/YOUR.DEDYN.IO/privkey.pem
chmod 600 /etc/letsencrypt/live/YOUR.DEDYN.IO/chain.pem
chmod 600 /etc/letsencrypt/live/YOUR.DEDYN.IO/cert.pem
chmod 600 /etc/ssl/certs/dhparam.pem
exit 0

Run the script:

chmod +x /root/permissions.sh && /root/permissions.sh

Modify the ssl.conf and restart NGINX:

sed -i '/ssl-cert-snakeoil/d' /etc/nginx/ssl.conf
sed -i s/\#\ssl/\ssl/g /etc/nginx/ssl.conf
service nginx restart

Create a certificate renewal automatism:

sed -i "s/SHELL=*/# &/" /etc/cron.d/certbot
sed -i "s/PATH=*/# &/" /etc/cron.d/certbot
sed -i "s/0 =*/# &/" /etc/cron.d/certbot
vi /root/renewal.sh

Paste the following rows

#!/bin/bash
cd /etc/letsencrypt
letsencrypt renew
result=$(find /etc/letsencrypt/live/ -type l -mtime -1 )
if [ -n "$result" ]; then
/usr/sbin/service nginx stop
/usr/sbin/service mysql restart
/usr/sbin/service redis-server restart
/usr/sbin/service php7.3-fpm restart
/usr/sbin/service nginx restart
fi
exit 0

Make it exectuable and create a cronjob

chmod +x /root/renewal.sh && crontab -e

Paste the red row below existing ones:

09,39 * * * * /usr/lib/php/sessionclean 2>&1
@monthly /root/renewal.sh 2>&1

Install Nextcloud silently

sudo -u www-data php /var/www/nextcloud/occ maintenance:install --database "mysql" --database-name "nextcloud" --database-user "nextcloud" --database-pass "nextcloud" --admin-user "YourNextcloudAdmin" --admin-pass "YourNextcloudAdminPasssword" --data-dir "/var/nc_data"

Information:
–database-user “nextcloud” : As set above while creating the database and user
–database-pass “nextcloud” : As set above while creating the database and user
–admin-user “YourNextcloudAdmin” : your free choice
–admin-pass “YourNextcloudAdminPasssword” : your free choice

Finish the installation, then make ammendments to your config.php as www-data:

sudo -u www-data php /var/www/nextcloud/occ config:system:set trusted_domains 1 --value=your.dedyn.io
sudo -u www-data php /var/www/nextcloud/occ config:system:set overwrite.cli.url --value=https://your.dedyn.io
sudo -u www-data cp /var/www/nextcloud/config/config.php /var/www/nextcloud/config/config.php.bak

Expand your Nextcloud config.php:

sudo -u www-data sed -i 's/^[ ]*//' /var/www/nextcloud/config/config.php
sudo -u www-data sed -i '/);/d' /var/www/nextcloud/config/config.php

sudo -u www-data cat <<EOF >>/var/www/nextcloud/config/config.php
'activity_expire_days' => 14,
'auth.bruteforce.protection.enabled' => true,
'blacklisted_files' => 
array (
0 => '.htaccess',
1 => 'Thumbs.db',
2 => 'thumbs.db',
),
'cron_log' => true,
'enable_previews' => true,
'enabledPreviewProviders' => 
array (
0 => 'OC\\Preview\\PNG',
1 => 'OC\\Preview\\JPEG',
2 => 'OC\\Preview\\GIF',
3 => 'OC\\Preview\\BMP',
4 => 'OC\\Preview\\XBitmap',
5 => 'OC\\Preview\\Movie',
6 => 'OC\\Preview\\PDF',
7 => 'OC\\Preview\\MP3',
8 => 'OC\\Preview\\TXT',
9 => 'OC\\Preview\\MarkDown',
),
'filesystem_check_changes' => 0,
'filelocking.enabled' => 'true',
'htaccess.RewriteBase' => '/',
'integrity.check.disabled' => false,
'knowledgebaseenabled' => false,
'logfile' => '/var/nc_data/nextcloud.log',
'loglevel' => 2,
'logtimezone' => 'Europe/Berlin',
'log_rotate_size' => 104857600,
'maintenance' => false,
'memcache.local' => '\\OC\\Memcache\\APCu',
'memcache.locking' => '\\OC\\Memcache\\Redis',
'overwriteprotocol' => 'https',
'preview_max_x' => 1024,
'preview_max_y' => 768,
'preview_max_scale_factor' => 1,
'redis' => 
array (
'host' => '/var/run/redis/redis-server.sock',
'port' => 0,
'timeout' => 0.0,
),
'quota_include_external_storage' => false,
'share_folder' => '/Shares',
'skeletondirectory' => '',
'theme' => '',
'trashbin_retention_obligation' => 'auto, 7',
'updater.release.channel' => 'stable',
);
EOF

Edit the .user.ini:

sudo -u www-data sed -i "s/upload_max_filesize=.*/upload_max_filesize=10240M/" /var/www/nextcloud/.user.ini
sudo -u www-data sed -i "s/post_max_size=.*/post_max_size=10240M/" /var/www/nextcloud/.user.ini
sudo -u www-data sed -i "s/output_buffering=.*/output_buffering='Off'/" /var/www/nextcloud/.user.ini
service php7.3-fpm restart && service redis-server restart && service nginx restart

Adjust Nextcloud

sudo -u www-data php /var/www/nextcloud/occ config:system:set 'auth.bruteforce.protection.enabled' --value=false
sudo -u www-data php /var/www/nextcloud/occ app:disable survey_client
sudo -u www-data php /var/www/nextcloud/occ app:disable firstrunwizard
sudo -u www-data php /var/www/nextcloud/occ app:enable admin_audit
sudo -u www-data php /var/www/nextcloud/occ app:enable files_pdfviewer

Logon to your brandly new Nextcloud in your browser

https://your.dedyn.io/login

If the integrity check within Nextcloud will fail, try to change the config.php

sudo -u www-data vi /var/www/nextcloud/config/config.php

and set :

'integrity.check.disabled' => true,

Then restart all services:

service php7.3-fpm restart && service redis-server restart && service nginx restart

Re-run the integrity check and set the value back to ‘false’:

sudo -u www-data vi /var/www/nextcloud/config/config.php
'integrity.check.disabled' => false,

Restart all services again.

service php7.3-fpm restart && service redis-server restart && service nginx restart

and the message should disappear!

Optimize your Nextcloud once (a) and regulary (b) using a script

(a)

/usr/sbin/service nginx stop
sudo -u www-data php /var/www/nextcloud/occ db:add-missing-indices
sudo -u www-data php /var/www/nextcloud/occ db:convert-filecache-bigint
/usr/sbin/service nginx start

(infos: BigInt, missing indices)

(b)

vi /root/optimize.sh

#!/bin/bash
redis-cli -s /var/run/redis/redis-server.sock <<EOF
FLUSHALL
quit
EOF
sudo -u www-data php /var/www/nextcloud/occ files:scan --all
sudo -u www-data php /var/www/nextcloud/occ files:scan-app-data
exit 0

Save the script and mark it as executable

chmod +x /root/optimize.sh

Issue the optimize.sh script initially:

/root/optimize.sh

Add Nextcloud cronjobs for www-data and root

For www-data:

crontab -u www-data -e

Paste the following rows

*/15 * * * * php -f /var/www/nextcloud/cron.php > /dev/null 2>&1

For root:

crontab -e

Paste the follwoing rows:

5 1 * * * /root/optimize.sh > /dev/null 2>&1

Don’t forget to switch from Ajax to Cron in Nextclouds-Adminpanel or use Nextcloud CLI to switch immediately:

sudo -u www-data php /var/www/nextcloud/occ background:cron

Finally verify your server security level

(1)

https://www.ssllabs.com/ssltest/analyze.html?d=your.dedyn.io

(2)

https://scan.nextcloud.com

(3)

https://observatory.mozilla.org/analyze/your.dedyn.io

6. Harden your System using fail2ban and ufw

First install and configure fail2ban and finally configure the firewall ufw to secure and harden Nextcloud.

Install and configure fail2ban:

sudo -s
apt update && apt install fail2ban -y

Create the Nextcloud-filter:

vi /etc/fail2ban/filter.d/nextcloud.conf

Paste the following rows to the fail2ban filter for Nextcloud (or download as txt file to avoid WordPress-code-issues!):

[Definition]
failregex=^{"reqId":".*","remoteAddr":".*","app":"core","message":"Login failed: '.*' \(Remote IP: '<HOST>'\)","level":2,"time":".*"}$
            ^{"reqId":".*","level":2,"time":".*","remoteAddr":".*","app":"core".*","message":"Login failed: '.*' \(Remote IP: '<HOST>'\)".*}$
            ^.*\"remoteAddr\":\"<HOST>\".*Trusted domain error.*$

Create a new jail:

vi /etc/fail2ban/jail.d/nextcloud.local

Paste the following rows:

[nextcloud]
backend = auto
enabled = true
port = 80,443
protocol = tcp
filter = nextcloud
maxretry = 3
bantime = 36000
findtime = 36000
logpath = /var/nc_data/nextcloud.log

[nginx-http-auth]
enabled = true

Re-start the fail2ban-service:

service fail2ban restart

Configure your ufw (uncomplicated firewall):

apt install ufw -y && ufw allow 80/tcp && ufw allow 443/tcp && ufw allow 22/tcp

Enable and restart ufw by running

ufw logging medium && ufw default deny incoming && ufw enable && service ufw restart

6.1 Harden your Nextcloud using Spamhaus Project and UFW

If you’d like to prevent “unprivileged visitors” just create the script /root/ufw-spamhaus.sh and block them by ufw directly.

vi /root/ufw-spamhaus.sh

Paste the following rows:

#!/bin/bash
# Thanks to @ank0m
EXEC_DATE=`date +%Y-%m-%d`
SPAMHAUS_DROP="/usr/local/src/drop.txt"
SPAMHAUS_eDROP="/usr/local/src/edrop.txt"
URL="https://www.spamhaus.org/drop/drop.txt"
eURL="https://www.spamhaus.org/drop/edrop.txt"
DROP_ADD_TO_UFW="/usr/local/src/DROP2.txt"
eDROP_ADD_TO_UFW="/usr/local/src/eDROP2.txt"
DROP_ARCHIVE_FILE="/usr/local/src/DROP_$EXEC_DATE"
eDROP_ARCHIVE_FILE="/usr/local/src/eDROP_$EXEC_DATE"
# All credits for the following BLACKLISTS goes to "The Spamhaus Project" - https://www.spamhaus.org
echo "Start time: $(date)"
echo " "
echo "Download daily DROP file:"
wget -q -O - "$URL" > $SPAMHAUS_DROP
grep -v '^;' $SPAMHAUS_DROP | cut -d ' ' -f 1 > $DROP_ADD_TO_UFW
echo " "
echo "Extract DROP IP addresses and add to UFW:"
cat $DROP_ADD_TO_UFW | while read line
do
/usr/sbin/ufw insert 1 deny from "$line" comment 'DROP_Blacklisted_IPs'
done
echo " "
echo "Downloading eDROP list and import to UFW"
echo " "
echo "Download daily eDROP file:"
wget -q -O - "$eURL" > $SPAMHAUS_eDROP
grep -v '^;' $SPAMHAUS_eDROP | cut -d ' ' -f 1 > $eDROP_ADD_TO_UFW
echo " "
echo "Extract eDROP IP addresses and add to UFW:"
cat $eDROP_ADD_TO_UFW | while read line
do
/usr/sbin/ufw insert 1 deny from "$line" comment 'eDROP_Blacklisted_IPs'
done
echo " "
#####
## To remove or revert these rules, keep the list of IPs!
## Run a command like so to remove the rules:
# while read line; do ufw delete deny from $line; done < $ARCHIVE_FILE
#####
echo "Backup DROP IP address list:"
mv $DROP_ADD_TO_UFW $DROP_ARCHIVE_FILE
echo " "
echo "Backup eDROP IP address list:"
mv $eDROP_ADD_TO_UFW $eDROP_ARCHIVE_FILE
echo " "
echo End time: $(date)

Make the script exutable by issuing

chmod +x /root/ufw-spamhaus.sh

and configure it in your crontab to be issued automatically.

(crontab -l ; echo "10 2 * * * /root/ufw-spamhaus.sh 2>&1") | crontab -u root -

Finally perform an initial run

/root/ufw-spamhaus.sh

and many UFW rules will be applied immediately. Be patient, it may take a while.

Monitor your entire system using netdata

Start download netdata – the directory ‘netdata’ will be created

apt install apache2-utils git gcc make autoconf automake pkg-config uuid-dev zlib1g-dev
cd /usr/local/src
git clone https://github.com/firehol/netdata.git --depth=1
cd netdata

Create a passwordfile to protect netdata:

htpasswd -c /etc/nginx/netdata-access YourName

Then run the script netdata-installer.sh with root privileges to build, install and start netdata

./netdata-installer.sh

Netdata is already installed. We will make smaller adjustementss to netdata’s configuration:

vi /etc/netdata/netdata.conf

First we change the value for “history” to e.g. 14400 (4 hours of chart data retention, uses about 60 MB of RAM) in the [global] section:

 history = 14400

Then we change the binding in the [web] section to localhost (127.0.0.1) only:

 bind to = 127.0.0.1

Finally we enhance the nextcloud.conf and nginx.conf file to include the netdata webserver-configuration:

vi /etc/nginx/conf.d/nextcloud.conf

Paste the red rows as shown below to the nextcloud.conf:

...
location / {
 rewrite ^ /index.php$uri;
 }
location /netdata {
 return 301 /netdata/;
 }
 location ~ /netdata/(?<ndpath>.*) {
 auth_basic "Restricted Area";
 auth_basic_user_file /etc/nginx/netdata-access;
 proxy_http_version 1.1;
 proxy_pass_request_headers on;
 proxy_set_header Connection "keep-alive";
 proxy_store off;
 proxy_pass http://netdata/$ndpath$is_args$args;
 gzip on;
 gzip_proxied any;
 gzip_types *;
 }
 location ~ ^/(?:build|tests|config|lib|3rdparty|templates|data)/ {
 deny all;
...

Your entire nextcloud.conf should look like:

server {
server_name your.dedyn.io;
listen 80 default_server;
location ^~ /.well-known/acme-challenge {
proxy_pass http://127.0.0.1:81;
proxy_set_header Host $host;
}
location / {
return 301 https://$host$request_uri;
}
}
server {
server_name your.dedyn.io;
listen 443 ssl http2 default_server;
root /var/www/nextcloud/;
access_log /var/log/nginx/nextcloud.access.log main;
error_log /var/log/nginx/nextcloud.error.log warn;
location = /robots.txt {
allow all;
log_not_found off;
access_log off;
}
location = /.well-known/carddav {
return 301 $scheme://$host/remote.php/dav;
}
location = /.well-known/caldav {
return 301 $scheme://$host/remote.php/dav;
}
client_max_body_size 10240M;
location / {
rewrite ^ /index.php$uri;
}
location /netdata {
return 301 /netdata/;
}
location ~ /netdata/(?<ndpath>.*) {
auth_basic "Restricted Area";
auth_basic_user_file /etc/nginx/netdata-access;
proxy_http_version 1.1;
proxy_pass_request_headers on;
proxy_set_header Connection "keep-alive";
proxy_store off;
proxy_pass http://netdata/$ndpath$is_args$args;
gzip on;
gzip_proxied any;
gzip_types *;
}
location ~ ^/(?:build|tests|config|lib|3rdparty|templates|data)/ {
deny all;
}
location ~ ^/(?:\.|autotest|occ|issue|indie|db_|console) {
deny all;
}
location ~ \.(?:flv|mp4|mov|m4a)$ {
mp4;
mp4_buffer_size 100M;
mp4_max_buffer_size 1024M;
fastcgi_split_path_info ^(.+\.php)(/.*)$;
include fastcgi_params;
include php_optimization.conf;
fastcgi_pass php-handler;
fastcgi_param HTTPS on;
}
location ~ ^/(?:index|remote|public|cron|core/ajax/update|status|ocs/v[12]|updater/.+|ocs-provider/.+)\.php(?:$|/) {
fastcgi_split_path_info ^(.+\.php)(/.*)$;
include fastcgi_params;
include php_optimization.conf;
fastcgi_pass php-handler;
fastcgi_param HTTPS on;
}
location ~ ^/(?:updater|ocs-provider)(?:$|/) {
try_files $uri/ =404;
index index.php;
}
location ~ \.(?:css|js|woff2?|svg|gif|png|html|ttf|ico|jpg|jpeg)$ {
try_files $uri /index.php$uri$is_args$args;
access_log off;
expires 360d;
}
}

Create the new /etc/nginx/conf.d/stub_status.conf:

vi /etc/nginx/conf.d/stub_status.conf

Paste all the following rows:

server {
listen 127.0.0.1:80 default_server;
server_name 127.0.0.1;
location /stub_status {
stub_status on;
allow 127.0.0.1;
deny all;
}
}

Save and quit the file (:wq!) and modify the file /etc/nginx/nginx.conf:

...
http {
 server_names_hash_bucket_size 64;
 upstream php-handler {
 server unix:/run/php/php7.3-fpm.sock;
 }
 upstream netdata {
 server 127.0.0.1:19999;
 keepalive 64;
 }
...

Your nginx.conf should look like:

user www-data;
worker_processes auto;
error_log /var/log/nginx/error.log warn;
pid /var/run/nginx.pid;
events {
worker_connections 1024;
multi_accept on;
use epoll;
}
http {
server_names_hash_bucket_size 64;
upstream php-handler {
server unix:/run/php/php7.3-fpm.sock;
}
upstream netdata {
server 127.0.0.1:19999;
keepalive 64;
}
set_real_ip_from 127.0.0.1;
set_real_ip_from 192.168.2.0/24;
real_ip_header X-Forwarded-For;
real_ip_recursive on;
include /etc/nginx/mime.types;
include /etc/nginx/proxy.conf;
include /etc/nginx/ssl.conf;
include /etc/nginx/header.conf;
include /etc/nginx/optimization.conf;
default_type application/octet-stream;
log_format main '$remote_addr - $remote_user [$time_local] "$request" '
'$status $body_bytes_sent "$http_referer" '
'"$http_user_agent" "$http_x_forwarded_for" '
'"$host" sn="$server_name" '
'rt=$request_time '
'ua="$upstream_addr" us="$upstream_status" '
'ut="$upstream_response_time" ul="$upstream_response_length" '
'cs=$upstream_cache_status' ;
access_log /var/log/nginx/access.log main;
sendfile on;
send_timeout 3600;
tcp_nopush on;
tcp_nodelay on;
open_file_cache max=500 inactive=10m;
open_file_cache_errors on;
keepalive_timeout 65;
reset_timedout_connection on;
server_tokens off;
resolver 208.67.222.222 208.67.220.220 valid=30s;
resolver_timeout 5s;
include /etc/nginx/conf.d/*.conf;
}

Save and quit the file (:wq!) and check NGINX

nginx -t

If no errors appear just restart netdata and nginx

service netdata restart && service nginx restart

and call netdata in your browser

https://your.dedyn.io/netdata

or as an external site in your Nextcloud.

Mount additonal storage to your Nextcloud

(a) …using a NAS

(b) …using an external/additional HDD

You may enhance your Nextcloud with data from your NAS-share or an external hdd.

(a) mount your NAS data to a specific Nextcloud-user

It is really simple to mount a NAS share to your Nextcloud using cifs. First install cifs-utils:

apt install cifs-utils -y

Then store your credentials to a special file (e.g. /root/.smbcredentials)

vi /root/.smbcredentials

Write down your username and password:

username=NASuser
password=NASPassword

Save and quit (:wq!) the file and change the permissions to 0600:

chmod 400 /root/.smbcredentials

Detect the ID of the webuser (www-data) using the id-command:

id www-data

and keep the id in mind to reuse it in /etc/fstab:

cp /etc/fstab /etc/fstab.bak
vi /etc/fstab

Paste the following to the end of fstab

//<NAS>/<share> /var/nc_data/next/files cifs user,uid=33,rw,iocharset=utf8,suid,credentials=/root/.smbcredentials,file_mode=0770,dir_mode=0770 0 0

Please substitue “//<NAS>/<share>“, next and if neccessary the uid=”33” and then try to mount your NAS manually first:

mount //<NAS>/<share>/

mount -a

To unmount your NAS manually run

umount //<NAS>/<share>/

umount -a

It will be neccessary to rescan your data for the first usage once. So change to your Nextcloud directory and execute Nextclouds files:scan for the relevant Nextcloud-user (e.g. next) or all (–all):

service nginx stop
cd /var/www/nextcloud
redis-cli -s /var/run/redis/redis-server.sock
FLUSHALL
quit
sudo -u www-data php occ files:scan --all -v
sudo -u www-data php occ files:scan-app-data -v
service nginx start

After Nextclouds files:scan all of your NAS data will appear in the Nextcloud file-app.
The permissions-script <permission.sh> should be enhanced to umount and mount the new mounted NAS share:

vi /root/permissions.sh

Add the red lines to the existing script:

#!/bin/bash
find /var/www/ -type f -print0 | xargs -0 chmod 0640
find /var/www/ -type d -print0 | xargs -0 chmod 0750
chown -R www-data:www-data /var/www/
umount //<NAS>/<share>
chown -R www-data:www-data /var/nc_data/
mount //<NAS>/<share>
chmod 0644 /var/www/nextcloud/.htaccess
chmod 0644 /var/www/nextcloud/.user.ini
chmod 600 /etc/letsencrypt/live/yourcloud.dedyn.io/fullchain.pem
chmod 600 /etc/letsencrypt/live/yourcloud.dedyn.io/privkey.pem
chmod 600 /etc/letsencrypt/live/yourcloud.dedyn.io/chain.pem
chmod 600 /etc/letsencrypt/live/yourcloud.dedyn.io/cert.pem
chmod 600 /etc/ssl/certs/dhparam.pem

Please substitute the red ones accordingly to your environment, then save and quit (:wq!) the file. From now, your NAS will always be available in Nextcloud for the specific user.

(b) mount an external hdd to your Nextcloud

We prepare the new drive ‘/dev/sda‘ for the use in Nextcloud. Please format it with an ‘ext4’ file system and mount it permanently with an entry in /etc/fstab.

Stop your server (NGINX, PHP, MariaDB, Redis) services and check the availability of the new drive:

sudo -s
service nginx stop && service php7.3-fpm stop && service redis-server stop && service mysql stop
fdisk -l /dev/sda

If available, make a new partition with the fdisk command.

fdisk /dev/sda

Type ‘o’ to create a new partition table.
Type ‘n’ to create a new partition.
Choose the primary partition type, input ‘p’.
Partition Number – we just need 1.
Leave all default on the First sector and Last sector – Press Enter.
Type ‘w’ and press enter to write the partition.

The ‘/dev/sda1’ partition has been created, now we have to format it to ‘ext4’ with the mkfs tool. Then check the volume size.

mkfs.ext4 /dev/sda1
fdisk -s /dev/sda1

Next, create a new local ‘nc_data’ directory and mount ‘/dev/sda1’ to that directory.

sudo mkdir -p /nc_data

To mount new disk permanently, we add the new mount configuration to the fstab file. Open fstab with vom:

vi /etc/fstab

Paste the configuration below at the end of the file.

/dev/sda1     /nc_data     ext4     defaults     0     1

Save fstab and exit:

Now mount the disk and make sure that there is no error.

mount -a
df -h

At least you have to move your current Nextcloud data direcory to the new mounted directory

chown -R www-data:www-data /nc_data
rsync -av /var/nc_data/ /nc_data

and point to it in Nextcloud’s config.php.

sudo -u www-data vi /var/www/nextcloud/config/config.php

Change the data-directory

...
'datadirectory' => '/nc_data',
...

Finally restart your server services and perform a new filescan:

service nginx stop && service php7.3-fpm restart && service redis-server restart && service mysql restart
cd /var/www/nextcloud
redis-cli -s /var/run/redis/redis-server.sock 
quit
sudo -u www-data php occ files:scan --all -v
sudo -u www-data php occ files:scan-app-data -v
service nginx restart

From now, your Nextcloud data will be stored on your external HDD.

(c) Nextclouds external storage app

As an enhancement for (a) and (b) you can enable the external storage app and participate of many benefits:

files can be created, edited and deleted on both sides: witihin and outside Nextcloud
you are enabled to mount external storage services and devices as secondary Nextcloud storage devices
users are allowed to mount their own external storage services

In case you want to use Samba, issue the following statement

apt install php-smbclient smbclient -y

and restart PHP

service php7.3-fpm restart

Install POSTFIX to send server mails

(a) configure fail2ban system-notification mails

(b) install apticron and configure system update-notification mails

First install two packages: postfix and libsasl2-modules

apt install postfix libsasl2-modules mailutils -y

and start configuring your mailserver. When the postfix-Installationscreen appears select <sattelitesystem>

Postfix will ask you for the system emailname, you can confirm the shown entry e.g. yourcloud. Then you were asked for the smtp-relayservername e.g. w12345.kasserver.com. Please fill in your according mailservername.

Finish the installation <OK>. Now edit the configuration of postfix

cp /etc/postfix/main.cf /etc/postfix/main.cf.bak
vi /etc/postfix/main.cf

and add the following lines

...
smtp_sasl_auth_enable = yes
smtp_sasl_security_options = noanonymous
smtp_sasl_password_maps = hash:/etc/postfix/sasl_password

Save and quit (:wq!) this file.

Our complete but exemplarily main.cf:

smtpd_banner = $myhostname ESMTP $mail_name (Ubuntu)
biff = no
append_dot_mydomain = no
readme_directory = no
smtpd_relay_restrictions = permit_mynetworks permit_sasl_authenticated defer_unauth_destination
myhostname = your.dedyn.io
mydomain = your.dedyn.io
myorigin = $mydomain
smtp_tls_CApath = /etc/ssl/certs
smtpd_tls_CApath = /etc/ssl/certs
smtpd_tls_received_header = yes
smtp_tls_loglevel = 1
smtpd_tls_loglevel = 1
smtpd_use_tls=yes
smtp_use_tls=yes
smtpd_tls_protocols = TLSv1.2, !TLSv1.1, !SSLv2, !SSLv3
smtp_tls_protocols = TLSv1.2, !TLSv1.1, !SSLv2, !SSLv3
smtpd_tls_ciphers = high
smtp_tls_ciphers = high
smtpd_tls_cert_file = /etc/letsencrypt/live/your.dedyn.io/fullchain.pem
smtpd_tls_key_file = /etc/letsencrypt/live/your.dedyn.io/privkey.pem
smtp_tls_cert_file = /etc/letsencrypt/live/your.dedyn.io/fullchain.pem
smtp_tls_key_file = /etc/letsencrypt/live/your.dedyn.io/privkey.pem
alias_maps = hash:/etc/aliases
alias_database = hash:/etc/aliases
mydestination = $myhostname, your.dedyn.io, localhost.localdomain, localhost
relayhost = your.mail-smtpserver.com:587
smtp_sasl_auth_enable = yes
smtp_sasl_security_options = noanonymous
smtp_sasl_password_maps = hash:/etc/postfix/sasl_password
sender_canonical_maps = hash:/etc/postfix/sender_canonical
mynetworks = 127.0.0.0/8
mailbox_size_limit = 0
recipient_delimiter = +
inet_interfaces = loopback-only
inet_protocols = all
compatibility_level=2

Create a new file containing your credentials to connect to your mailserver.

vi /etc/postfix/sasl_password

Enter your credentials like exemplarily shown

your.mail-smtpserver.com a987654:PassWorD

and change the access level of this file to 600.

chmod 600 /etc/postfix/sasl_password

At least we promote the information to postfix.

postmap hash:/etc/postfix/sasl_password

As default mails would be sent as user@hostname (e.g. root@localhost), but a lot of mailserver would reject those mails. That’s why we add a new row to postfix configuration file:

vi /etc/postfix/main.cf

If not exists add the following line to the config file

...
sender_canonical_maps = hash:/etc/postfix/sender_canonical

Save and quit (:wq!) the configuration and create the referred new file

vi /etc/postfix/sender_canonical

Add both lines and adjust the parameters according to your environment

root youremail@domain.com
www-data youremail@domain.com
<your-ubuntuuser-name> youremail@domain.com

This will assign your emailadress to the root and www-data users. We have to promote this information to postfix again

postmap /etc/postfix/sender_canonical

Finally we add postfix to the autostart and start the service

update-rc.d postfix defaults
service postfix restart

From now, you are already able to send system mails. Please verify the functionality

vi testmail.txt

Add any kind of text to your demofile, e.g.

My first system mail

Save and quit the testfile (:wq!) and send your first manual system mail

mail -s "Postfix-Testmail" yourmail@domain.com < testmail.txt

Check the logfile

cat /var/log/mail.log

and also check your mailclient if you already received that mail.

Postfix administration tasks:

[a] have a look in your actual mailqueue: mailq

[b] flush / re-send your mail(s)-queue: postfix flush

[c] delete all mails in your mailqueue: postsuper -d ALL

(a) configure fail2ban system-notification mails

We substitute the root-User in the fail2ban-config to receive status mails of fail2ban in the future. Those mails will contain both, the fail2ban-status (stopped/started) and in case of failed logins also the banned ip(‘s). Edit the fail2ban configuration file

cp /etc/fail2ban/jail.conf /etc/fail2ban/jail.conf.bak
vi /etc/fail2ban/jail.conf

and substitute at least the red marked parameters according to your system:

...
destemail = yourmail@domain.com
...
sender = yourmail@domain.com
...
mta = mail
...
# action = %(action_)s
action = %(action_mwl)s
...

Save and quit (:wq!) the fail2ban configuration. To avoid (many) mails on every fail2ban-restart just create a new file and copy it as shown below:

vi /etc/fail2ban/action.d/mail-buffered.local

Paste the following rows

[Definition]
actionstart =
actionstop =

Copy the file

cp /etc/fail2ban/action.d/mail-buffered.local /etc/fail2ban/action.d/mail.local
cp /etc/fail2ban/action.d/mail-buffered.local /etc/fail2ban/action.d/mail-whois-lines.local
cp /etc/fail2ban/action.d/mail-buffered.local /etc/fail2ban/action.d/mail-whois.local
cp /etc/fail2ban/action.d/mail-buffered.local /etc/fail2ban/action.d/sendmail-buffered.local
cp /etc/fail2ban/action.d/mail-buffered.local /etc/fail2ban/action.d/sendmail-common.local

Re-start the fail2ban-service an you will (only) be informed if fail2ban blocked new IPs

service fail2ban restart

automatically.

(b) install apticron and configure system update-notification mails

If you use APTICRON, your system may send emails in case of available systemupdates either.

apt install apticron -y

After havin installed APTICRON you should edit the config and substitute at least your EMAIL, SYSTEM, NOTIFY_NO_UPDATES and CUSTOM_FROM.

cp /etc/apticron/apticron.conf /etc/apticron/apticron.conf.bak
vi /etc/apticron/apticron.conf

...
EMAIL="yourmail@domain.com"
...
SYSTEM="yourmail@domain.com"
...
NOTIFY_HOLDS="1"
...
NOTIFY_NO_UPDATES="1"
...
CUSTOM_SUBJECT='$SYSTEM: $NUM_PACKAGES package update(s)'
...
CUSTOM_NO_UPDATES_SUBJECT='$SYSTEM: no updates available'
...
CUSTOM_FROM="yourmail@domain.com"
...

To run and check APTICRON just call

apticron

and you will receive an email sent by APTICRON. Now you are a little bit more secure.

cp /etc/cron.d/apticron /etc/cron.d/apticron.bak
vi /etc/cron.d/apticron

30 7 * * * root if test -x /usr/sbin/apticron; then /usr/sbin/apticron --cron; else true; fi

Apticron will now be executed by cron.d. You can change the starttime e.g. to daily 7.30 AM.

A second factor for ssh (2FA – two factor authentication)

The following steps are system relevant (critical) and only recommended for advanced linux users. If the ssh configuration will fail, you won’t be able to login to your system via ssh anymore. The mandatory prerequisite is a ssh server that you can log on using private/public key only!

Install the software for 2FA (Two-Factor-Authentication) with your preferred OTP AUTH app

apt install libpam-google-authenticator -y

Leave the root-Shell and run the following command as your <your-ubuntu-user-name> and NOT as root:

exit
google-authenticator

You will be asked for:

Do you want authentication tokens to be time-based (y/n) y

Do you want me to update your "~/.google_authenticator" file (y/n) y

Do you want to disallow multiple uses of the same authentication
token? This restricts you to one login about every 30s, but it increases
your chances to notice or even prevent man-in-the-middle attacks (y/n) y

By default, tokens are good for 30 seconds and in order to compensate for
possible time-skew between the client and the server, we allow an extra
token before and after the current time. If you experience problems with poor
time synchronization, you can increase the window from its default
size of 1:30min to about 4min. Do you want to do so (y/n) n

If the computer that you are logging into isn't hardened against brute-force
login attempts, you can enable rate-limiting for the authentication module.
By default, this limits attackers to no more than 3 login attempts every 30s.
Do you want to enable rate-limiting (y/n) y

Change back to the root-Shell

sudo -s

Backup the current configuration and configure your ssh server

cp /etc/pam.d/sshd /etc/pam.d/sshd.bak
vi /etc/pam.d/sshd

Change the file to mine:

@include common-auth
@include common-password
auth required pam_google_authenticator.so
account required pam_nologin.so
@include common-account
session [success=ok ignore=ignore module_unknown=ignore default=bad] pam_selinux.so close
session required pam_loginuid.so
session optional pam_keyinit.so force revoke
@include common-session
session optional pam_motd.so motd=/run/motd.dynamic
session optional pam_motd.so noupdate
session optional pam_mail.so standard noenv # [1]
session required pam_limits.so
session required pam_env.so # [1]
session required pam_env.so user_readenv=1 envfile=/etc/default/locale
session [success=ok ignore=ignore module_unknown=ignore default=bad] pam_selinux.so open

Save and quit (:wq!) the file.

If not already created please create your 4096 bit RSA Key (SSH) first:

cd ~
ssh-keygen -q -f /etc/ssh/ssh_host_rsa_key -N '' -b 4096 -t rsa

If you will be asked to overwrite the existing key, confirm with ‘Y’. Then backup, edit and change your SSH-config to examplarily mine

mv /etc/ssh/sshd_config /etc/ssh/sshd_config.bak
vi /etc/ssh/sshd_config

# Port 22
Port 1234 #your decision, but keep UFW in mind!
Protocol 2
HostKey /etc/ssh/ssh_host_rsa_key
HostKey /etc/ssh/ssh_host_ecdsa_key
HostKey /etc/ssh/ssh_host_ed25519_key
UsePrivilegeSeparation yes
KeyRegenerationInterval 3600
ServerKeyBits 4096
SyslogFacility AUTH
LogLevel INFO
LoginGraceTime 30s
PermitRootLogin no
StrictModes yes
RSAAuthentication yes
PubkeyAuthentication yes
IgnoreRhosts yes
UseDNS yes
RhostsRSAAuthentication no
HostbasedAuthentication no
IgnoreUserKnownHosts yes
PermitEmptyPasswords no
MaxAuthTries 3
MaxSessions 3
ChallengeResponseAuthentication yes
X11Forwarding yes
X11DisplayOffset 10
X11UseLocalhost no
PrintMotd no
PrintLastLog yes
TCPKeepAlive yes
Banner /etc/issue
AcceptEnv LANG LC_*
Subsystem sftp /usr/lib/openssh/sftp-server
UsePAM yes
AllowTcpForwarding no
AllowUsers ubuntuuser #<your-ubuntu-user-name> for e.g. putty or ssh native
AuthenticationMethods publickey,password publickey,keyboard-interactive

If you changed the ssh-Port to e.g. 1234, please ensure having changed your ufw-configuration either and adjust the username in ‘AllowUsers ubuntuuser‘.

Paste your public key to the <ubuntuuser>’s keystore (ubuntu’s how-to):

vi ~/.ssh/authorized_keys

and set proper permissions:

sudo chown -R ubuntuuser:ubuntuuser ~/.ssh
sudo chmod 700 ~/.ssh
sudo chmod 600 ~/.ssh/authorized_keys

Then restart your ssh server

service ssh restart

and re-logon to your server using a new session-window. This is your final fallback, if you misconfigured your ssh server ;-). From now your privat key is needed, you will be prompted for your password and finally for your new second factor.

Public Key authentication and ssh-user password

Verification code (OTP 2FA)

Start your e.g. OTP AUTH or Google Authenticator app and read your second factor to gain access to your server.

Logged on

You will be logged on using your second factor.

Analyze your server using logwatch

First install logwatch

apt update && apt install logwatch -y

then copy the default configuration files to the logwatch folder:

cp /usr/share/logwatch/default.conf/logfiles/http.conf /etc/logwatch/conf/logfiles/nginx.conf
cp /usr/share/logwatch/default.conf/services/http.conf /etc/logwatch/conf/services/nginx.conf
cp /usr/share/logwatch/scripts/services/http /usr/share/logwatch/scripts/services/nginx
cp /usr/share/logwatch/default.conf/services/http-error.conf /etc/logwatch/conf/services/nginx-error.conf
cp /usr/share/logwatch/scripts/services/http-error /etc/logwatch/scripts/services/nginx-error
cp /etc/logwatch/conf/logfiles/nginx.conf /etc/logwatch/conf/logfiles/nginx.conf.org.bak

Edit the /etc/logwatch/conf/logfiles/nginx.conf to mine

vi /etc/logwatch/conf/logfiles/nginx.conf

Substitute the entire file to:

########################################################
# Define log file group for NGINX
########################################################

# What actual file? Defaults to LogPath if not absolute path....
#LogFile = httpd/*access_log
#LogFile = apache/*access.log.1
#LogFile = apache/*access.log
#LogFile = apache2/*access.log.1
#LogFile = apache2/*access.log
#LogFile = apache2/*access_log
#LogFile = apache-ssl/*access.log.1
#LogFile = apache-ssl/*access.log
LogFile = nginx/*access.log
LogFile = nginx/*error.log
LogFile = nginx/*access.log.1
LogFile = nginx/*error.log.1

# If the archives are searched, here is one or more line
# (optionally containing wildcards) that tell where they are...
#If you use a "-" in naming add that as well -mgt
#Archive = archiv/httpd/*access_log.*
#Archive = httpd/*access_log.*
#Archive = apache/*access.log.*.gz
#Archive = apache2/*access.log.*.gz
#Archive = apache2/*access_log.*.gz
#Archive = apache-ssl/*access.log.*.gz
#Archive = archiv/httpd/*access_log-*
#Archive = httpd/*access_log-*
#Archive = apache/*access.log-*.gz
#Archive = apache2/*access.log-*.gz
#Archive = apache2/*access_log-*.gz
#Archive = apache-ssl/*access.log-*.gz
Archive = nginx/*access.log.*.gz
Archive = nginx/*error.log.*.gz

# Expand the repeats (actually just removes them now)
*ExpandRepeats

# Keep only the lines in the proper date range...
*ApplyhttpDate

# vi: shiftwidth=3 tabstop=3 et

Save and quit (:wq!) this file and edit /etc/logwatch/conf/services/nginx.conf:

cp /etc/logwatch/conf/services/nginx.conf /etc/logwatch/conf/services/nginx.conf.org.bak
vi /etc/logwatch/conf/services/nginx.conf

Change the name from http to NGINX or substitute the entire file to mine:

###########################################################################
# Configuration file for NGINX filter
###########################################################################

Title = "NGINX"

# Which logfile group...
LogFile = NGINX

# Define the log file format
#
# This is now the same as the LogFormat parameter in the configuration file
# for httpd. Multiple instances of declared LogFormats in the httpd
# configuration file can be declared here by concatenating them with the
# '|' character. The default, shown below, includes the Combined Log Format,
# the Common Log Format, and the default SSL log format.
#$LogFormat = "%h %l %u %t \"%r\" %>s %b \"%{Referer}i\" \"%{User-Agent}i\"|%h %l %u %t \"%r\" %>s %b|%t %h %{SSL_PROTOCOL}x %{SSL_CIPHER}x \"%r\" %b"

# The following is supported for backwards compatibility, but deprecated:
# Define the log file format
#
# the only currently supported fields are:
# client_ip
# request
# http_rc
# bytes_transfered
# agent
#
#$HTTP_FIELDS = "client_ip ident userid timestamp request http_rc bytes_transfered referrer agent"
#$HTTP_FORMAT = "space space space brace quote space space quote quote"
# Define the field formats
#
# the only currently supported formats are:
# space = space delimited field
# quote = quoted ("..") space delimited field
# brace = braced ([..]) space delimited field

# Flag to ignore 4xx and 5xx error messages as possible hack attempts
#
# Set flag to 1 to enable ignore
# or set to 0 to disable
$HTTP_IGNORE_ERROR_HACKS = 0

# Ignore requests
# Note - will not do ANY processing, counts, etc... just skip it and go to
# the next entry in the log file.
# Note - The match will be case insensitive; e.g. /model/ == /MoDel/
# Examples:
# 1. Ignore all URLs starting with /model/ and ending with 1 to 10 digits
# $HTTP_IGNORE_URLS = ^/model/\d{1,10}$
#
# 2. Ignore all URLs starting with /model/ and ending with 1 to 10 digits and
# all URLS starting with /photographer and ending with 1 to 10 digits
# $HTTP_IGNORE_URLS = ^/model/\d{1,10}$|^/photographer/\d{1,10}$
# or simply:
# $HTTP_IGNORE_URLS = ^/(model|photographer)/\d{1,10}$

# To ignore a range of IP addresses completely from the log analysis,
# set $HTTP_IGNORE_IPS. For example, to ignore all local IP addresses:
#
# $HTTP_IGNORE_IPS = ^10\.|^172\.(1[6-9]|2[0-9]|3[01])\.|^192\.168\.|^127\.
#

# For more sophisticated ignore rules, you can define HTTP_IGNORE_EVAL
# to an arbitrary chunk of code.
# The default is not to filter anything:
$HTTP_IGNORE_EVAL = 0
# Example:
# $HTTP_IGNORE_EVAL = "($field{http_rc} == 401) && ($field{client_ip}=~/^192\.168\./) && ($field{url}=~m%^/protected1/%)"
# See the "scripts/services/http" script for other variables that can be tested.

# The variable $HTTP_USER_DISPLAY defines which user accesses are displayed.
# The default is not to display user accesses:
$HTTP_USER_DISPLAY = 0
# To display access failures:
# $HTTP_USER_DISPLAY = "$field{http_rc} >= 400"
# To display all user accesses except "Unauthorized":
# $HTTP_USER_DISPLAY = "$field{http_rc} != 401"

# To raise the needed level of detail for one or more specific
# error codes to display a summary instead of listing each
# occurrence, set a variable like the following ones:
# Raise 403 codes to detail level High
#$http_rc_detail_rep_403 = 10
# Always show only summary for 404 codes
#$http_rc_detail_rep_404 = 20

# vi: shiftwidth=3 tabstop=3 et

Save and quit the file (:wq!) and disable the default apache-configuration files:

cd /usr/share/logwatch/default.conf/services
mv http-error.conf http-error.conf.bak && mv http.conf http.conf.bak

At least we create a cronjob to send the result from logwatch automatically:

crontab -e

Paste the following row:

@daily /usr/sbin/logwatch --output mail --mailto your@mail.com --format html --detail high --range yesterday > /dev/null 2>&1

Save and quit crontab and check if logwatch is configured properly:

/usr/sbin/logwatch --output mail --mailto your@mail.com --format html --detail high --range yesterday

You should receive an email from logwatch that looks like this:

From now you will receive daily mails containing your system summary.

12. Add nginx geoip filter to protect your server by origin-ip

Add the required software modules to your NGINX

apt install nginx-module-geoip geoip-database libgeoip1 -y

and change your nginx.conf to mine:

user www-data;
worker_processes auto;
error_log /var/log/nginx/error.log warn;
pid /var/run/nginx.pid;
### START GEOIP ###
load_module modules/ngx_http_geoip_module.so;
load_module modules/ngx_stream_geoip_module.so;
### END GEOIP ###
events {
worker_connections 1024;
multi_accept on;
use epoll;
}
http {
### START GEOIP ###
geoip_country /usr/share/GeoIP/GeoIP.dat;
### END GEOIP ###
server_names_hash_bucket_size 64;
upstream php-handler {
server unix:/run/php/php7.3-fpm.sock;
}
set_real_ip_from 127.0.0.1;
set_real_ip_from 192.168.2.0/24;
real_ip_header X-Forwarded-For;
real_ip_recursive on;
include /etc/nginx/mime.types;
include /etc/nginx/proxy.conf;
include /etc/nginx/ssl.conf;
include /etc/nginx/header.conf;
include /etc/nginx/optimization.conf;
default_type application/octet-stream;
log_format main '$remote_addr - $remote_user [$time_local] "$request" '
'$status $body_bytes_sent "$http_referer" '
'"$http_user_agent" "$http_x_forwarded_for" '
'"$host" sn="$server_name" '
'rt=$request_time '
'ua="$upstream_addr" us="$upstream_status" '
'ut="$upstream_response_time" ul="$upstream_response_length" '
'cs=$upstream_cache_status' ;
access_log /var/log/nginx/access.log main;
sendfile on;
send_timeout 3600;
tcp_nopush on;
tcp_nodelay on;
open_file_cache max=500 inactive=10m;
open_file_cache_errors on;
keepalive_timeout 65;
reset_timedout_connection on;
server_tokens off;
resolver 208.67.222.222 208.67.220.220 valid=30s;
resolver_timeout 5s;
include /etc/nginx/conf.d/*.conf;
}

Instruct nginx to block requests except e.g. DE|AT and your localnet in your new config file /etc/nginx/geoipblock

vi /etc/nginx/geoipblock

set $geoipblock 0;
if ($geoip_country_code !~ (DE|AT)) { set $geoipblock 1; }
if ($localnet = 1){ set $geoipblock 0; }
if ($geoipblock = 1){ return 444; }

and in your /etc/nginx/conf.d/nextcloud.conf:

### START GEOIP ###
geo $localnet {
default 0;
192.168.2.0/24 1; #adjust to your private lan
}
### END GEOIP ###
server {
server_name YOUR.DEDYN.IO;
listen 80 default_server;
location ^~ /.well-known/acme-challenge {
proxy_pass http://127.0.0.1:81;
proxy_set_header Host $host;
}
location / {
return 301 https://$host$request_uri;
}
}
server {
server_name YOUR.DEDYN.IO;
listen 443 ssl http2 default_server;
root /var/www/nextcloud/;
access_log /var/log/nginx/nextcloud.access.log main;
error_log /var/log/nginx/nextcloud.error.log warn;
### START GEOIP ###
include /etc/nginx/geoipblock;
### END GEOIP ###
location = /robots.txt {
allow all;
log_not_found off;
access_log off;
}
location = /.well-known/carddav {
return 301 $scheme://$host/remote.php/dav;
}
location = /.well-known/caldav {
return 301 $scheme://$host/remote.php/dav;
}
#SOCIAL app enabled? Please uncomment the following three rows
#rewrite ^/.well-known/webfinger /public.php?service=webfinger last;
#rewrite ^/.well-known/host-meta /public.php?service=host-meta last;
#rewrite ^/.well-known/host-meta.json /public.php?service=host-meta-json last;
client_max_body_size 10240M;
location / {
rewrite ^ /index.php$request_uri;
}
location ~ ^/(?:build|tests|config|lib|3rdparty|templates|data)/ {
deny all;
}
location ~ ^/(?:\.|autotest|occ|issue|indie|db_|console) {
deny all;
}
location ~ \.(?:flv|mp4|mov|m4a)$ {
mp4;
mp4_buffer_size 100M;
mp4_max_buffer_size 1024M;
fastcgi_split_path_info ^(.+\.php)(/.*)$;
include fastcgi_params;
include php_optimization.conf;
fastcgi_pass php-handler;
fastcgi_param HTTPS on;
}
location ~ ^/(?:index|remote|public|cron|core/ajax/update|status|ocs/v[12]|updater/.+|ocs-provider/.+)\.php(?:$|/) {
fastcgi_split_path_info ^(.+\.php)(/.*)$;
include fastcgi_params;
include php_optimization.conf;
fastcgi_pass php-handler;
fastcgi_param HTTPS on;
}
location ~ ^/(?:updater|ocs-provider)(?:$|/) {
try_files $uri/ =404;
index index.php;
}
location ~ \.(?:css|js|woff2?|svg|gif|png|html|ttf|ico|jpg|jpeg)$ {
try_files $uri /index.php$request_uri;
access_log off;
expires 360d;
}
}

Restart your webserver

service nginx restart

and the geoip module is already in use. You find all country codes here. NGINX will return a 444 HTTP error code for a blocked country but feel free to set other HTTP status codes e.g. 404 (not found) or 403 (access denied) as well.

Enjoy your personal data in your secured and hardened Nextcloud-Server!

Don’t forget to backup your Nextcloud

Find more instructions here: Nextcloud backup and restore

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Nextcloud 15 installation guide (Ubuntu/NGINX)

Pre-requirements

Last Updates:

Table of content

1. Prepare your server and install NGINX

Modify NGINX:

Change NGINX configuration:

Start NGINX:

Create folders and apply permissions:

2. Install PHP

Configure PHP:

Modify /etc/fstab

Mount tmpfs and then restart both, PHP and NGINX:

3. MariaDB

Secure MariaDB:

Configure MariaDB:

Restart MariaDB:

Create the database and the user:

4. Redis

Change configuration and group membership:

Reboot your server:

5. Create the nextcloud.conf:

Create the letsencrypt.conf:

Create the ssl.conf:

Create the proxy.conf

Create the header.conf:

Create the optimization.conf:

Create the php_optimization.conf:

Enhance security:

Restart NGINX:

Download and extract Nextcloud:

Request your ssl-certificate(s):

Apply the permissions using a permissions.sh script:

Modify the ssl.conf and restart NGINX:

Create a certificate renewal automatism:

Install Nextcloud silently

Edit the .user.ini:

Adjust Nextcloud

Logon to your brandly new Nextcloud in your browser

Optimize your Nextcloud once (a) and regulary (b) using a script

Add Nextcloud cronjobs for www-data and root

Finally verify your server security level

6. Harden your System using fail2ban and ufw

Install and configure fail2ban:

Create the Nextcloud-filter:

Create a new jail:

Configure your ufw (uncomplicated firewall):

6.1 Harden your Nextcloud using Spamhaus Project and UFW

Monitor your entire system using netdata

Mount additonal storage to your Nextcloud

(a) mount your NAS data to a specific Nextcloud-user

(b) mount an external hdd to your Nextcloud

(c) Nextclouds external storage app

Install POSTFIX to send server mails

(a) configure fail2ban system-notification mails

(b) install apticron and configure system update-notification mails

A second factor for ssh (2FA – two factor authentication)

Analyze your server using logwatch

12. Add nginx geoip filter to protect your server by origin-ip

Don’t forget to backup your Nextcloud

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